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Women’s health coverage
For women in the U.S., access to affordable coverage in the individual health insurance market has improved markedly over the past decade – due in large part to coverage improvements and consumer protections delivered by the Affordable Care Act.
Prior to the ACA’s implementation – largely starting in 2014 – women faced many barriers to coverage:
- Previously, more than half of individual plans charged higher premiums for a 40-year-old female non-smoker than for a 40-year-old male smoker– for the exact same coverage.
- More than 90% of individual health plans didn’t provide any routine maternity benefits.
- In all but five states, being pregnant was a pre-existing condition that prevented a woman from purchasing individual health insurance.
- Many individual health plans offered no contraceptive coverage.
- Coverage for women’s preventive care varied considerably from one state to another.
Suggested reading:
We hope you’ll use this guide to get a clearer understanding of how coverage has improved – and what you should expect for coverage of women’s healthcare when you’re selecting a health plan.
Preventive care for women under the ACA
Prior to implementation of the Affordable Care Act, coverage of women’s preventive care varied considerable from state to state. But beginning in August 2012, all health plans (other than grandfathered health plans) were required to provide coverage for certain women-specific categories of preventive care:
- Well-woman visits
- Gestational diabetes sceening
- HPV testing
- Screening and counseling for domestic violence
- HIV testing and counseling for sexually transmitted infections
- Breastfeeding supplies
- Contraception and family planning counseling
(Note that additional preventive care mandates, including preventive care for children and all adults as well as additional woman-specific preventive care, took effect in 2014.)
Coverage of women’s healthcare services
Coverage of maternity care
Prior to 2014, just 12% of individual-market health plans included maternity benefits. But the Affordable Care Act has been a game-changer. Maternity care is one of the essential health benefits that must be included on all individual and small-group policies.
That means that an expectant parent can now obtain coverage in every state during open enrollment or during a special enrollment period triggered by a qualifying event. And women are no longer charged higher premiums than men, despite the fact that every new major medical health policy includes maternity coverage.
Coverage of infertility treatments
Treatment for infertility is not one of the Affordable Care Act’s essential benefits – and coverage for infertility treatment is not mandated by the ACA or any other federal law. But some states have regulations that go beyond the minimum requirements laid out by the federal government with their own laws, regulations, and mandates.
These state rules only apply to state-regulated plans, which include health plans that individuals and businesses purchase from an insurance company. But self-insured employer-sponsored health plans are not subject to state insurance rules.
Recommended reading:
Coverage of abortion
Abortion coverage is neither required nor banned under the ACA. But federal funds cannot be used to pay for abortion unless the situation involves rape, incest, or danger to the mother’s life. Coverage for other abortions varies considerably from one health plan to another.
Coverage of contraception
The Affordable Care Act improved access to highly effective, long-term contraceptives, without a cost barrier. Under the ACA, health policies that took effect on or after August 1, 2012 are required to cover — with no cost-sharing — at least one version of each FDA-approved contraceptive method for women. This includes sterilization, IUDs, and implants, which often had considerable up-front costs prior to the ACA.
Recommended reading:
Recent news
Access to women’s health care services was greatly expanded under the ACA. This was due not just to the ACA’s coverage mandates (for things like preventive care and maternity care), but also to the fact that the ACA resulted in far more women having health coverage. Medicaid expansion, the employer mandate, and access to subsidized coverage in the health insurance exchange/marketplace have all played a role in this.
But women’s health coverage and care continue to be controversial topics, and the rules continue to evolve over time.
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